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Zilan massacre
The Zilan massacre〔〔 ((トルコ語:1=Zilan Katliamı〔 ''or'' Zilan Deresi Katliamı〔〔), etc.〔), refers to the massacre〔Altan Tan, ''Kürt sorunu'', Timaş Yayınları, 2009, ISBN 978-975-263-884-6, (p. 275. ) 〕〔Pınar Selek, ''Barışamadık'', İthaki Yayınları, 2004, ISBN 978-975-8725-95-3, (p. 109. ) 〕 of thousands of Kurdish residents in the Zilan Valley of Turkey by 12/13 July 1930, during the Ararat rebellion, in which 800–1500 armed men participated.〔Osman Pamukoğlu, ''Unutulanlar dışında yeni bir şey yok: Hakkari ve Kuzey Irak dağlarındaki askerler'', Harmoni Yayıncılık, 2003, ISBN 978-975-6340-00-4, p. 16. 〕
The Zilan massacre took place in the Zilan or Zeylan valley (Kurdish: ''Geliyê Zîlan'', Turkish: ''Zilan Deresi'', ''Zeylân Deresi)'' located to the north of the town of Erciş in Van Province. The massacre took place in July 1930, before the Third Ararat Operation (Turkish: ''Üçüncü Ağrı Harekâtı'', September 7–14, 1930), which was a military operation of the Turkish IX Corps under the command of Ferik (Lieutenant General) Salih (Omurtak) against Mount Ararat. The number of people killed in the massacre varies according to different sources. According to the daily newspaper ''Cumhuriyet'' (July 16, 1930), about 15,000 people died.〔Yusuf Mazhar, ''Cumhuriyet'', 16 Temmuz 1930, ''... Zilan harekatında imha edilenlerin sayısı 15.000 kadardır. Zilan Deresi ağzına kadar ceset dolmuştur...'' 〕〔Ahmet Kahraman, ''ibid'', p. 211, ''Karaköse, 14 (Özel muhabirimiz bildiriyor) ...'' 〕〔Ayşe Hür, ("Osmanlı'dan bugüne Kürtler ve Devlet-4" ), ''Taraf'', October 23, 2008, Retrieved August 16, 2010. 〕 The account of Hesen Hîşyar Serdî (1907 – September 14, 1985), a writer and participant in the Ararat rebellion, states that 47,000 villagers from 18 villages of Ademan, Sipkan, Zilan and Hesenan tribes were killed.〔M. Kalman, ''Belge, tanık ve yaşayanlarıyla Ağrı Direnişi 1926-1930'', Pêrî Yayınları, İstanbul, 1997, ISBN 978-975-8245-01-7, p. 105. 〕 Armenian researcher Garo Sasuni states that 5,000 women, children and the elderly were massacred.〔Ahmet Kahraman, ''ibid'', pp. 207-208. 〕 Finally, according to ''Berliner Tageblatt'', the Turks in the area of Zilan destroyed 220 villages and massacred 4,500 women and the elderly.〔"Der Krieg am Ararat" (Telegramm unseres Korrespondenten) ''Berliner Tageblatt'', October 3, 1930, ''... die Türken in der Gegend von Zilan 220 Dörfer zerstört und 4500 Frauen und Greise massakriert.'' 〕
==Background==
After the Sheikh Said rebellion, on September 24, 1925, the Turkish government prepared the "Reform Plan for the East" (Turkish: ''Şark Islahat Planı''), which provided for special administrative arrangements for the Eastern areas and introduced the Inspector-General system. This plan forced Kurdish aristocrats and religious leaders to relocate to other parts of Turkey. On July 17, 1927, with the "Law on the Transfer of Certain People from Eastern Regions to the Western Provinces" (Turkish: ''Bazı Eşhasın Şark Menatıkından Garp Vilâyetlerine Nakillerine Dair Kanun''), the target of the forced migration was extended.〔Naci Kutlay, "Cumhuriyet ve Kürtler", ''Toplumsal Tarih'', Sayı: 160, Nisan 2007, pp. 27-28. 〕
On October 5, 1927, in Greater Lebanon, the Kurdish nationalist organization Xoybûn was founded by former members of other Kurdish nationalist organisations such as Kürdistan Teali Cemiyeti, Kürt Millet Fırkası, and Comite de Independence Kurde, together with Kurdish intellectuals who took refuge in Iraq, Iran, and Syria, with the help of former members of the Dashnaktsutyun. In 1927 Hoybûn (led by Celadet Alî Bedirxan, Kamuran Alî Bedirxan, Ekrem Cemilpaşa, Memdûh Selîm, and others) decided to promote Ihsan Nuri, a former officer in the Ottoman and Turkish armies, to general (pasha), and sent him to Erzurum with 20 comrades. They published a newspaper named ''Aigrî'' and, on October 8, 1927, declared the independence of the Republic of Ararat. Also in October 1927, Xoybûn made appeals to the Great Powers and the League of Nations, and appointed Ibrahim Haski, who was one of the chieftains of Jalali tribe, as governor of Aigrî.〔Mehmet Köçer, "Ağrı İsyanı (1926–1930)", ''Fırat Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi'', Cilt: 14, Sayı: 2, (s. 385. ) 〕
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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